Objective To assess the economic burden of dengue fever in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, China, 2018, and to provide a certain quantitative basis for the health administrative institution to formulate relevant prevention and control strategies. Methods Forty new cases of dengue fever were selected who were isolated and treated in a grade A tertiary hospital of Ningbo. Their information such as hospitalization process, treatment costs, indirect costs, and medical insurance reimbursement rate were collected to estimate the economic burden of dengue fever. Results The median length of hospitalization of the 40 cases was 8 (6-9) days. The economic burden of dengue fever was 3 718.16 (2 453.19-5 536.46) yuan per capita, with the direct economic burden of disease of 2 253.75 (767.16-3 606.54) yuan and the indirect economic burden of disease of 1 701.36 (1 432.72-1 813.29) yuan, indicating that the direct economic burden accounted for a large proportion. The total economic burden was about 260.30 (171.70-387.60) thousand yuan, with the direct economic burden of disease of 157.8 thousand yuan and the indirect economic burden of disease of 119.10 thousand yuan. Of the 40 dengue fever cases, 72.50% participated in medical insurance. The medical insurance reimbursement rate was negatively correlated with the direct medical economic burden, the direct economic burden of disease, and the economic burden of disease; the direct medical economic burden decreased as the reimbursement rate increased (P<0.05). Conclusion The economic burden of dengue fever in Ningbo is relatively high, the participation rate in medical insurance should be further increased to reduce the direct medical economic burden of patients.

Objective To investigate the effects of the establishment of the dengue fever prevention and control demonstration area on the government capacity of mass prevention and control and to explore sustainable prevention and control measures, so as to set up the foundation for the preventive strategies and measures for mosquito-borne diseases. Methods Chancheng District Government, Bureau of Health and Family Planning Commission at sub-district and town levels, Office of Patriotic Health Campaign Committee,and local villagers' committees and neighborhood committees were selected and reviewed for the investigation and assessment of dengue response capacity. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS 19.0 software. Chi-square test was used for the comparison of univariate analysis, while t-Test was applied for the comparison between two independent sample means. Results From Chancheng district government to its subordinate towns and sub-districts, the leadership establishment, the establishment of health emergency response system, the logistics support, the budget planning and supervising mechanisms were all put in place accordingly before and after the construction of the demonstration area. After the establishment of the demonstration area, the proportions of the organizational structure and the contingency planning management on the level of villagers' committee and neighborhood committee have been increased significantly(χ²=22.510, 47.890, P<0.05). The proportions of the establishment of emergency response team,the exercises of contingency drill,the strategic contingency material reservation and the implementation of supervising mechanisms(93.38%, 36.03%, 61.76%, 85.29%, and 51.47%)were all higher than the conditions before the establishment of the Demonstration Area,with statistically significant differences(χ²=9.890, 44.180, 63.520, 37.330, 52.270, P<0.05). Also, disinfection personnel of local villagers' committees and neighborhood committees increased from 4 people in 2014 to 7 people in 2015,with statistically significant difference(t=-3.600, P<0.05). Conclusion The establishment of dengue fever prevention and control demonstration area in Chancheng district improved the governmental capacity of mass prevention and control,established a normal mechanism of mass prevention and control, carried out the mosquito vector control projects efficiently, and mitigated the epidemics locally.

Rodents emit and perceive calls in the ultrasonic range, i.e., above the human hearing threshold of about 20 kHz: so-called ultrasonic vocalizations(USV). They emit USV, which differ in frequencies and durations according to their age, sex, species, and the physical and social behaviors, in response to different stimuli and for different purposes. This paper describes the characteristics and functions of the USV in rodents, and also elaborates current status of ultrasonic rodent repellent devices. It is very important for the research and development of the new, efficient ultrasonic rodent deterrent devices.

Objective To provide a reference for the monitoring, early warning and prevention and control of vector borne diseases, by researching the population distribution and density fluctuation of vectors and their significance in vector-borne diseases and by summarizing the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), Scrub Typhus and intestinal infectious diseases for coastal beach area of Yancheng city. Methods To collect and process network-based report data of HFRS, Scrub Typhus and intestinal infectious diseases, human population information in the coastal beach area of Yancheng city; the vector population distribution, density fluctuation were monitored in coastal beach area from 2011 April to 2013 December. The pathogen were detected with fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR and RT-PCR in small mammal tissues and their ectoparasites, mosquitoes and ticks. All data was analyzed by Excel 2003 and SPSS 16.0. Results (1) The rodent density was 3.60%, it was higher than that of the coastal areas of Jiangsu province and the rodent density in Jiangsu province. The rodent density in the field is higher than that of town (residential area). The rodent density appeared two peaks in winter and summer at 2011-2013, the winter peak was in January and the summer peak during May to August. Apodemus agrarius was the predominant species in the coastal area, the constituent ratio of 89.19%. (2) The mosquito densities (per light-trap hour) was 0.51. There was a peak of the mosquito density from May to October every year. The predominant species was Culex pipiens pallens which constituent ratio was 88.84%. (3) The fly densities (per cage) was 46.57. The predominant species were Chrysomyia megacephala, Musca domestica which constituent ratio were 45.17%, 25.70% respectively. (4) The cockroach's densities (per net) was 0.01, and the infestation rate was 0.30%. The predominant species was Blattella germanica. The tick index of Hedgehog was 7.75, and the density of free tick (per flag-hour) was 37.00. In the emergency monitoring at August 2015, the density of the tick (per flag-hour) was 0.25, the tick index of parasitic ticks in sheep, dog, hedgehogs, and weasel were 1.80, 0.02, 8.33, 10.00 respectively. Capture ticks are Haema-physalis longicornis, The Gamasid index was 0.26, and the Chigger index was 0.24 in Ap. agrarius surface. (5) The incidence of intestinal infectious diseases, Scrub Typhus were intermittent gradually increased, and HFRS increased sharply in 2010-2014. There was the winter peak of HFRS, the highest incidence in December, and the autumn peak of Scrub typhus in November. There were two peaks of intestinal infectious diseases in May and November. Two SFTS epidemic occurred for the first time in Dongtai area in 2015, and related to the history of fishing in the coastal beach and a clear history of tick bites. (6) In small mammal tissues, SFTS total antibody was positive only in 1 of hedgehog serum, and SFTSV nucleic acid was positive in the capture of free ticks. However, Hantavirus, Rickettsial and other pathogens were negative. Conclusion There were vectors such as rodents, mosquitoes, flies, cockroaches, ticks, fleas, and mites in Yancheng city coastal areas, and posed risk of vector borne diseases, which occurred from time to time. It should take effective measures to prevent and control outbreak.

Coastal development involves the development of ports, industry and urban interaction. In the coastal development process, the impact of disease vectors on human health was especially concerned. The vectors of public health importance including insects and rodents could spread directly or indirectly some infectious diseases. There were many kinds of medical vectors in the coastal areas. The rodents and their ectoparasitic mites, ticks could spread hemorrhagic fever with the renal syndrome (HFRS), scrub typhus, Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). The mosquitoes could spread Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever, malaria, chikungunya fever. The fly and cockroach mechanical spread intestinal infections, etc. In order to ensure and promote the economic development of the coastal regions and social stability,it should continue to carry out research on the impact of disease vectors prevailing in coastal areas on public health.

Objective To establish a rapid and specific real-time fluorescent PCR method for Nam Dinh virus (NdiV). Methods According to the sequence alignment of GenBank and NDiV isolated by our laboratory, we found out the conservative sequence (RdRp) and design specific primers and TaqMan-MGB probe. In order to evaluate the reaction system, the concentration of primers and probe were adjusted to optimize the reaction conditions, and the sensitivity, specificity, stability tests for our method were also conducted. Results TaqMan-MGB real-time fluorescence PCR detection method of NDiV were less time-consuming and highly sensitive, and the low detection limit was 0.1 PFU. It had a good specificity characteristic for having no cross reaction with dengue serotype 1-4, epidemic encephalitis b virus, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, stellate virus, and adenovirus; The five times repeated testing of four nucleic acid content in different standard samples revealed that the average coefficient of variation range of Ct was 1.67%-3.68%, and thus it had high stability. Through monitoring, the positive probability of mosquitoes collected from Longgang district for NDiV was 18.00%. Conclusion NDiV TaqMan-MGB real-time fluorescent PCR method is a rapid, specific, sensitive and stable method, it can be applied to epidemiological monitoring in order to improve the ability of rapid detection of viruses.

Objective To understand the plague hosts and flea populations and plague pathogen Yersinia pestis, and to provide baseline information for the prevention and control of plague in coastal area in southern Zhejiang. Methods There were 6 plague monitor sites in coastal area in Wenzhou to understand the population structure of host animals and flea vectors from 2010 to 2012. Results There were 3 orders, 4 families, 10 genus and 13 species plague host animals found in this area. Among the host animals, Suncus murinus accounted for 41.03%, Rattus norvegicus for 35.02%, and R. tanezumi for 13.30%. The mean host animal densities were 8.96% indoor and 7.31% outdoor. There were significant differences for host animal densities at six monitoring sites and among different years. The mean flea-carrying rate of rodents was 4.63%, and the total flea index of rodents was 0.134. The dominant species of rat fleas was Leptopsylla segnis, accounted for 73.55%. The samples for host animals were negative for F1 antibody and pathogens. Conclusion The population densities and species composition of host animals and vectors were very rich, it is important to strengthen surveillance of the host animals and vectors of plague, to enhance prophylaxis and treatment of plague and to prevent the local plague outbreak caused by imported cases.

Objective To grasp the Rhombomys opimus distribution characteristics and activity patterns, and to provide basic information to improve epidemic monitoring. Methods Circadian clamps of catching mice, single bagging seized ectoparasites identified routes caverns law sent to the laboratory survey observed activity patterns and comprehensive analysis of the R. opimus population distribution. Results In 11 ports in northern Xinjiang border five R. opimus population distribution, accounting for 66.7% of the entire ports in northern Xinjiang, the westernmost Xinjiang, longitude 80°37', latitude 43°40'are Lata port to longitude 82°48'north latitude and 46°41'Timbuktu port, especially in the highest density of Alashankou and two wings district, Xinjiang eastern longitude 93°20'31"north latitude and 44°14'32" port of Laoyemiao recent new found R. opimus distribution area. Found that the great gerbil not only mixed with wild rodents in vector exchange transfer. In the R. opimus distribution crossings average capture rate of 3.2%, 89.6% of the dye flea rate, the flea index 14.0, the major media in the border areas of the western region of Xinjiang and Kazakhstan R. opimus Xenopsylla minax in eastern Mongolia ports X. skrjabini. And describes the R. opimus annual seasonal, day activity patterns, caverns, nesting habitat, foraging characteristics. Conclusion The R. opimus in Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, the dominant species in the port vicinity, according to the distribution of the characteristics and activities of the law, to provide basic information to guide and improve epidemic monitoring.

Objective To observe the sensilla on the cephalic segments of the second-instar larvae of Lucilia sericata (Meigen) by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and to provide new morphological information and screen out the characteristic for species identification. Methods From June to August 2012, adult females of L. sericata were collected in the Songshan National Nature Reserve in Beijing and the campus of Beijing Forestry University and was then reared in the laboratory to obtain larval specimens. The sensilla on the cephalic segments of larvae were observed by SEM. Results The cephalic segment bore an antenno-maxillary sensory complex formed by the antenna (a big coeloconic sensillum), three big coeloconic sensilla, three basiconic sensilla, and six small coeloconic sensilla on the inner surface of maxillary palp, and two big coeloconic sensilla on the outer surface of maxillary palp. A pair of pit sensilla were observed on the oral groove, and each labial organ was equipped with a big coeloconic sensillum and a pit sensillum. Conclusion The new morphological characteristics of the larvae of Calliphoridae, such as the pit sensillum on labial organ and the small coeloconic sensilla on maxillary palp, are discovered. The small coeloconic sensilla can be used as a morphological characteristic for identification of the second-instar larvae of L. sericata.

Objective The prevalence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) was monitored and analyzed to reveal the epidemiologic characteristics of HFRS in Wenzhou, in order to provide the basis for development of the control and prevention strategies for HFRS. Methods A descriptive epidemiologic approach was employed to analyze the prevalence of HFRS in humans in Wenzhou from 1981 to 2008. Cage traps were used to capture small mammals for investigation of the species composition of animal hosts. The indirect immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the Hantavirus (HV) antigens in animal lungs, which were then genotyped by PCR. Results A total of 383 cases were reported from 1981 to 2008 with an average incidence rate of 0.20/105. There were 13 death cases, with a fatality rate of 3.39%. The cases were distributed in all the ten counties (cities, districts) of the city, particularly in Ruian, where the number of cases accounted for 53.78%. Significant seasonality was observed as the prevalence peaked in winter (from November to January of the following year) when the number of cases accounted for 41.25%. Most cases were 20 to 50 years, accounting for 74.76% of the total number. In regard to the monitoring of host animals, the outdoor capture rate was 7.16% and the indoor one was 7.88%. The dominant species outdoors was Niviventer confucianus, followed by Rattus losea; the dominant species indoors was R. norvegicus, followed by R. tanezumi. A total of 422 rat lungs were investigated, resulting in nine HV antigen?positive specimens with the positive rate of 2.13%. The sole genotype of the extract of viral RNA in the HV antigen?positive rat lung tissues was SEOV. Conclusion Comprehensive prevention and control measures, including strengthened monitoring, deratization and vaccination shall be implemented to effectively prevent HFRS epidemic.

【Abstract】 Objective To analyze the epidemic characteristics of rabies from 1985 to 2007, and explore the reasons causing the increase of rabies and to provide the control measures. Methods The data of rabies incidences collected from 1985-2007 were classified and analyzed by Excel 2003 and SPSS 13.0. Results There were 31 cases of rabies during 1985-2007 in Quzhou, and 31 died, the mortality was 100%. Most of the cases occurred before 1992, and there were no case from 1993 to 2003.But the incidence gradually increased after 2004. There were cases reported in all counties except for Kaihua, and the epidemic could be seen each month. Children and young adults were more frequently affected and the incidence in males was higher than that in females. The peasants were the most susceptible peoples, which accounted for 77.42%. The cases were caused by dog bitten and most of them did not receive wound treatment or immunization. In recent years, the exposure rate of people increased from year to year, but the immunization rate after exposed tended to reduce. Conclusion The incidence of rabies in Quzhou presented a rapid rising trend. The increase of dog quantities leaded to the rising of exposure rate. The reasons leading to the increase of epidemic situation were the shortage of disease prevention knowledge, non?timely treatment of exposure wounds and immunization and the rising of rabies vaccine price. It should take specific measures to control rabies.